
What the record says
Muhammad Abdul Aziz (Arabic: محمد عبد العزيز; formerly known as Norman 3X Butler; born 1938) is an American man who was convicted, and later exonerated, for the 1965 assassination of Malcolm X — a conviction that was overturned in November 2021, decades after he was paroled in 1985. Aziz maintained his innocence; and Mujahid Abdul Halim, who confessed to the murder, insisted that Aziz and Khalil Islam, another man…
Summary from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0. Records change. The source is the authority.
Where to start
Got ten minutes? Do one of these.
What evidence was the conviction built on, and what has changed since trial?
- Write down what the conviction rested on: eyewitness, confession, forensics, informant.
- Find the court opinion and read what changed after trial.
- Look for other cases with the same detective, lab or prosecutor.
New to this? Read the field guide. Five short lessons.
Coverage and records
What is out there.
Nobody has researched this case yet. Have the AI search the web for reporting, podcasts and videos about it.